Child Rearing Is The Right Type Of Parents - 983 Words

As I get older raising a family comes to mind. My wife and I have talked to each other about having a child. We have discussed about the possibilities that could happen if we do decide to go through with it. More importantly, how good of a parent can we become? Will we be able to provide for all the needs of the child? Will we be able to instill the needed values for the child to grow as an upstanding person? How can we be the right type of parents and should we do it the American or the Filipino way? These are the discussions that we have every time the topic of child rearing comes to mind. We are almost in our thirties, so this is an eventuality that is getting closer and closer. There is an enormous amount of information about parenting styles. According to Baumrind there are four styles of parenting, which are, authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting (as cited in Kail and Cavanaugh, 2012, pg. 250). Authoritarian parenting means you exercise a lot of control over the child with little to no concern for the child s opinion. The parents establish strict guidelines for the child with the threat of repercussions if not followed. Authoritative parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children ( Kail and Cavanaugh, 2012, pg. 250). This is the parenting style recommended by most people, as studies have shown this parenting style reared children better who are better equipped with social skillsShow MoreRelatedChild Rearing Practices Essay877 Words   |  4 Pageshow to raise children. Parents have a lot to do with their children as they raise them from infants to young adult. Child rearing can be very stressful and confusing if you don’t have an idea of what you’re doing. The importance of child rearing is clearly important. Parents want their children to succeed and grow up to be well-functioning adults. This paper will look into child rearing. Before we get into the child rearing practices, we must first look at what child rearing means and what it is.Read MoreSocial Class And Family Relationships855 Words   |  4 PagesWe all have a family, but we all have grown up in a different way. Social class plays a huge role in family life. Three of the connections between social class and family include kin, child rearing, and education levels. To begin, kin is a part of the family, but there is a difference between kin ship among the poor and near poor. Kin is an important part of the family life because it is the connection between family and, sometimes, wealth. Who people associate in times of need and support greatlyRead MoreChild Rearing Styles Are Different As The Parents Are1515 Words   |  7 Pages2/26/2015 DEP2004 Professor Hernandez Child rearing styles are as different as the parents are. Child rearing is a standout amongst the most difficult and troublesome obligations an individual can confront. The way a family is organized is known as the child rearing style. Child rearing styles are accumulations of parental state of mind, practices, and non-verbal interpretations that portray the way of guardian kid connections. Since people figure out how to parent from a wide range of samples includingRead MoreParenting Styles : Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved, And Authoritative982 Words   |  4 Pagesoffers little support. Children of authoritarian parents often do not have a healthy relationship with their parents due to the lack of communication. Permissive parents are known as the â€Å"cool† parents among adolescents. This parenting style is relaxed and comes with hardly any rules. Permissive parents have a very warm relationship with their child; however, this style is counterproductive in child rearing because they act as a friend instead of a parent who sets boundaries. Uninvolved parenting isRead MoreDifferent Types Of Parenting Styles880 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent types of parenting styles. Many parents create their own parenting style based on important factors like culture, education, and religion. Generally there are two main types of parenting style proposed. These two styles seem alike but are very much different from each other. Strict parent and the not so strict parent. The two approaches towards parenting differ from each other and this is why. There are some parents who are strict and less responsive to their child’s needs. Those type ofRead MoreThe Reason Why Children Misbehave Essay784 Words   |  4 Pageschild rearing is considered as the most important things to build a happy family. Childrens behaviors are mainly affected by their parent, so their behaviors whether it is good or bad depend on their parents action. Some parents are not careful about how to raise their children, and then they misbehave with their parents and with everyone. I believe that parents are the only persons who are responsible of their childrens behaviors, because children always obey them. However, some people believeRead MoreParenthood Is A Typical Illustration Of Developmental Psychology1397 Words   |  6 PagesKevin because Kevil looks insecure and unconfident. As a result his father thinks he was the reason for his son`s failure. He struggles to avoid being the type of father his father Frank was .old man, On the other hand, Karen, tries to remain calm and supportive. Helen, Gil`s oldest sister is divorced and raising her two children as single parent Her daughter Julie is not obedient to her, she is more interested in her boyfriend and does not care about her education. Gary seems quite. Susan, Gil`s anotherRead MoreJapanese And Muslim Cultures : Family Structure1340 Words   |  6 Pageswhich makes for a great analysis. By drawing on themes of family structure, marriage and child rearing, gender roles, child socialization, and divorce and child-custody, I can further explain my point about how diverse these cultures are. Type of Families Family Structure The Japanese culture has a dualistic structure of family; the nuclear and the stem. The nuclear family traditionally consisted of the parents and their children and developed into a stem family when the household became three generationalRead MoreHolding Parents Responsible for the Anti-Social and Criminal Behaviour of their Children1620 Words   |  7 PagesHolding Parents Responsible for the Anti-Social and Criminal Behaviour of their Children The case for holding parents responsible for the anti-social and criminal behaviour of their children has been long disputed. This essay will assess whether parents should in fact be held responsible or whether the child should be punished for their behaviour. Many areas will be discussed, the first of which will be the historical context of criminalizing motherhood. The first issueRead More Parenting Styles Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pages Parenting styles are as diverse as parents themselves. Parenting is one of the most challenging and difficult responsibilities a person can face. The way a family is structured is called the parenting style. Parenting styles are collections of parental attitudes, practices, and non-verbal expressions that characterize the nature of parent-child relationships. Because individuals learn how to parent from many different examples including their own parents, role models, society and life experiences

The Glorious Day Of Abraham Lincoln - 942 Words

The glorious day of Abraham Lincoln born in February 12, 1809. Years went on and Abe grew taller and more of a president. The day had come for the Election Day; and Abraham Lincoln was running for president. He was elected and went forth as a great president. Some of the actions Abe made many people angry. One person is known as John Wilkes Booth. He made him so angry; he had the attentions of assassinating him. Day had come to when Abe was shot. The time period was very happy and joy full because the war had ended. A week later, Abe was assassinated. The environment in the north was very much depressing. People were sad and felt like they lost a family member; because Abe was shot and killed. It also created much anger between the north†¦show more content†¦From Abraham being killed; Andrew Johnson was up next in line to be president. That was a major turning point. He made decisions Abe would have made which created problems and became very disliked. The first main personal to be a part of the assassination of Abe was clearly John Wilkes Booth. He was the first person to ever assassinate a president in the history of the U.S. The plan Booth had in mind was to kidnap the president. They were going to take him through back roads into the town Richmond and have him traded from certain things. But before the play had started, Booth had the idea to kill him instead. So he told his three other men who are Lewis Powell, Herold, and Atzerodt what they last minute change of plans were. So he had each of those men kill a certain member of the party. They were all going to strike at 10:15 P.M. Clearly, Booth and his men were major key players in the assassination. The men also showed Booth routes and back ways to help Booth escape like I mentioned earlier. Clearly, President Lincoln was a major key player. He was the one who was getting assassinate; if he was never alive or president. None of this would have happened and changed the future. He was also the one who upsetted Booth and many other people. Abe wasn’t liked that much; people actually didn’t like him and seen how he changed everything until he was killed. He being assassinated angered lots of people. It created anger between the north and the

Strategic Initiative free essay sample

The relationship between strategic and financial planning can be studied through the annual reports of Apple Inc. (â€Å"Apple†). In response to a rapid surge in consumer demand Apple initiated a new strategic plan to consolidate its existing supply chain. The development, implementation, and consequences of this strategy can be studied through the company’s consecutive annual reports. The company identified potential problems within its supply chain in 2008, announced its responding strategy in 2009, and reported on its progress in 2010. Consolidating the supply chain has affected the organization’s costs and sales. Initiating these plans poses some additional risks and potentially adverse financial effects. The recent annual reports of Apple indicate that the strategic planning initiative to consolidate its supply chain was successful. In Apple’s 2009 annual report the company reported that it had begun a new strategic planning initiative to consolidate its supply chain in response to a rapidly increasing consumer demand. A 2008 internal audit on Apple’s supply chain, management identified potential concerns with the procurement of component parts. Namely, what Apple identified was that while many component parts are generally available from multiple sources, some procured components necessary to Apple’s products are purchased from sole or limited sources. The dependability of Apple on some supplier’s ability to manufacture, sell, and deliver these crucial components create serious risks and any deviations could have adverse effects on the company’s finances. Apple identified further concerns in outsourced manufacturing. The company’s 2009 annual report indicated that significant portions of Apple’s Mac computers, iPhones, iPods, logic boards, and other important products were being manufactured by only a few outsourcing partners, mostly in Asia (Apple, 2010). Some of these outsourcing partners were identified as sole source, meaning there is currently no other source that Apple can use. If these sole source suppliers go out of business or a competitor of the company buys them, the results could have a devastating impact on the production and distribution of Apple products. In response to the vulnerability that this situation created Apple took the initiative. In the following years annual report of 2010, the company reported that it has executed Long-Term Supply Agreements with Toshiba and LG Display. These agreements will help secure the supply of certain inventory components. To help them secure the new Long-Term Supply Agreements with other suppliers Apple terminated an existing Long-Term Supply Agreement with Intel and received the remaining prepaid balance of $167 million. The consolidation of Apple’s supply chain has affected other areas of the organization. The implementation of this strategic planning initiative affects costs. Eliminating or reducing the amount of limited or sole sources of components or manufacturing is important to keep a constant or decreased cost-base. There is a significant risk involved in operating with limited sources of materials or labor. In the event that one of these sources fails to deliver to its expectations, operational risks can dramatically increase, as production cannot continue without the necessary labor or components. Production downtime means breaks in efficient operations. As efficiency is one of the driving factors in decreasing prices, eliminating this will likely create the opposite result (Apple, 2011). An increased price to compensate for production issues is a realistic possibility, depending on the severity of the disruption. This is due to price being impacted by this variable cost structure and its effect on margin. Readily available resources are imperative to lower the cost structure. By assessing their production operations and key risks Apple realized that the company was facing substantial inventory risks, as well as risks with other assets. Identifying issues such as these allows companies to create action plans in an effort to take corrective measures (Apple, 2011). The initiative to consolidate Apple’s supply chain affected sales. With Apple’s belief that both consumers and professionals are entering a digital lifestyle, possessing a strong supply chain to support the digital devices such as iPods, iPhones, televisions, and other digital devices has never been so important. Additionally, Apple has expanded its distribution to consumers with a retail expansion from 197 stores in 2007 to 317 stores in 2010. Between third party vendors and retail stores, Apple had increased net sales from $24. 5 billion in 2007 to $65. 2 billion in 2010, an increase of 165% or $40. 7 billion. With increased sales it is vital that Apple continues to have favorable pricing of components through its multiple sources. Potential supply shortages adversely affect the renewal of agreements, pricing fluctuations, future financial conditions, and operating results. Competing for the same raw materials as Apple’s competitors can put significant pressures on supply and demand even though Apple does use many of its own unique components. Consolidating Apple’s supply chain has impacted the company’s gross margins. In 2008, before this strategic intiative had started the company had a gross margin of $13. 2 billion or 35. 2%. In 2009, after the start of supply chain consolidations, the company had a gross margin of $17. 2 billion or 40%. In 2010 the company’s gross margin of stood at $25. 7 billion or 39%. The increase of gross margins in 2009 and 2010 indicate that the consolidation of its supply chain has helped Apple increase profits. With higher cost structures for digital devices throughout the industry future gross margin percentages will likely decrease to about 36%. This is a direct result of the increased costs or availability of microprocessors, NAND flash memory, DRAM, and LCD’s. Apple’s strategic planning initiative to consolidate its supply chain poses some risks and potentially adverse financial effects. Selling technology has risks associated with products and in some cases cause businesses to fail. Apple has found ways to become a technological leader. The risks Apple works with daily include the evolving characteristic of its inventory. The development of new products combined with a rapidly growing consumer demand creates a greater chance of depleting the supplies faster than they can be replenished. Apple’s dependency upon several suppliers for the components used to make finished products makes their financial problems Apple’s problems. If a suppliers encounters credit problems, the credit problem could be harmful throughout the entire supply chain and Apple itself. The company’s initiative to cement ties with crucial suppliers will not remove Apple’s dependency on other firms. In fact, this plan may increase Apple’s reliance on others and discourage the company from beginning to produce certain components themselves. Establishing long-term contracts with foreign suppliers increases the financial risks of working and selling products in foreign countries. According to Apple’s 2010 annual report the â€Å"weakening of foreign currencies relative to the U. S. dollar will adversely affect the U. S.  dollar value of the company’s foreign currency-denominated sales† (Apple, 2010, p. 22). According to financial statements within Apple’s annual reports the venture has succeeded. Carefully analyzing potential problems before they arise gave Apple a strategic initiative that influenced financial planning. The rising demand for Apple products increased the companys focus on supply chain pressures. Establishing long-term contracts with the limited and sole suppliers of essential component parts has strengthened the company’s strategic and financial position. These important suppliers can focus production on Apple’s needs without worrying about losing its business anytime soon. Apple has benefited financially by the establishment of these contracts due to the higher volumes of business associated with them. New long-term contracts enabled Apple to withdrawal from preexisting contracts with competitor companies such as Intel. The financial figures and ratios within the companies financial statements reveal that the companies gross margin has increased during a time when the digital device industries overall margins have been declining (Apple, 2010). Consolidating its supply chain has helped the organization increase sales by maintaining the complex logistical infrastructure behind the highly publicized release dates of their newest products. The benefits of this initiative have clearly outweighed the risks, as Apple has recently become one of the largest and most successful corporations on earth. The relationship between the companies strategic and financial planning has created a dynamic company that responds effectively to consumer needs. The annual reports of Apple highlight the relationship between strategic and financial planning. An analysis of Apple’s 2008 identification of supply chain problems and its strategic response of 2009 reveals how its actions influenced 2010’s finances. The organization’s financial planning has been affected by its initiative to consolidate supply lines. The risks and financial effects associated with these changes have been successfully managed making the venture a success. The annual reports of Apple highlight the importance of the relationship between strategic and financial planning.

The Role of Visuals in Professional, Popular, and Pedagogic Science

Introduction Background Information Visuals play an important role in science. Their use in this field can be traced back to the works of early scientists. The scholars emphasised on the importance of visual thinking (Martin Veel, 2000). One of the best examples of a discovery arising from the use of visuals includes that of the benzene ring and the helical structure of DNA. The discovery was made by Friedrich.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Role of Visuals in Professional, Popular, and Pedagogic Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researcher first envisioned the benzene ring as a snake biting its own tail (Pajak, 2012). Even more vivid is Albert Einstein’s argument on how human reasoning envisages visual thinking. Common visual elements used in science include graphical illustrations, photographs, and drawings (Kress, 2012). The use of some of these elements is a common occurrence in other fields, such as cultural studies and media. However, there is a clear distinction between their application in these fields and in science. In science, visual depiction of data is fundamental. It represents something different from the photographs and illustrations published and used in other disciplines. In science, visual images do not simply accompany text. On the contrary, they organise meaning and invite the audience to interpret the presentation in a particular way (Kress, 2012). Purpose and Significance of the Research In spite of the extensive use of visual elements, little research has been conducted to investigate how they create meaning in different aspects and forms of science. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical and in-depth look at the role that visuals play in science. Communicative functions and cultural meanings of elements that are conventionally used in science will be explored to achieve a better understanding of this concept. To this end, the aut hor will analyse how visual images are applied in presenting scientific data and findings. A comparison will be made between the application of visuals in relation to professional, popular, and pedagogic science. Scope and Limitations To conduct this study, the author will rely on readings from experienced discourse analysts and other researchers, such as Kress (2012), Miller (1998), and Lemke (1998). Special emphasis will be on the use of visuals in professional, popular, and pedagogic science. A comparative analysis of the application of these elements in the three sciences will be done to ascertain similarities and differences.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A Comparative Analysis of the Use of Visuals in Popular, Professional, and Pedagogic Science Visuals in Popular Science Popular science is also commonly referred to as pop science. It involves interpretation of science for th e general public (Miller, 1998). It acts as a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of research and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse (Lemke, 1998). The goal of this genre of is to capture the accuracy of science and the veracity of the methods used in a friendly and accessible way. In popular science, visuals are used playfully and with less intensity. The major focus is precision and accuracy. Graphic illustrations are less complex. In addition, visualisations used rarely invite the reader to reflect on the research presented (Trumbo, 1999). Cartoons and artistic impressions are commonly used to achieve this. For instance, cartoons are used to bring discussions on science related controversies, such as biological determinism, to the public (Broks, 2006). In popular science, visuals are directly affected by the topic of discussion. As such, the illustrations are a tribute to science or technology behind them (Broks, 2006). Common visuals used in popular science include graphs, photographs, illustrations, and verbal texts (Broks, 2006). Illustrations and photographs switch between a realistic and a more abstract modality. Consequently, they take the reader from a familiar reality to a more abstract scientific knowledge (Darian, 2003). In popular science, visuals can also be used in a unique way to engage the general public directly. For instance, in 2001, scientists designed a game whose main aim was to allow the general public to design a three dimensional structure of proteins. The game offered a visualisation of the complex scientific work carried out in the field of health. However, the presentation was fun and less complex (Darian, 2003). Use of Visuals in Professional Science Popular and professional sciences are closely related in terms of the issues they address. However, there is a significance variation between the two with regards to the use of visual imagery. Professional science is seen as a stress betw een originality and deference in a community (Darian, 2003). It is as a result of the language authors use to argue their claims.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Role of Visuals in Professional, Popular, and Pedagogic Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Texts in this field are intended for professionals. The individuals have specialised skills in the field. The target is difference from that of popular science, which is the general public. Information in professional science is presented with considerable exactness. There is also the use of foregrounding procedures and technical jargon (Lemke, 1998). Nominalisations, precise measurements, cautious inferences from data, and acronyms are also common (Darian, 2003). Professional science largely makes use of such visuals as figures, tables, and graphs. There are no cartoons and games like it is the case in popular science. The visuals used in professional science offer the target audience a quick overview of the study findings (Martin Veel, 2000). Tables and graphs help scientists to present detailed results and complex relationships, patterns, and trends in a clear and concise manner (Trumbo, 1999). For instance, tables present data arising from research, while graphs show the relationship between variables. Professional science also makes use of such visuals as photographs. The aim is to shorten manuscripts and enhance understanding of the issue. Figures are also used extensively to effectively capture and present findings (Pajak, 2012). Role of Visuals in Pedagogic Science Defining pedagogic science is a major challenge due to the limited research and literature in this field. In addition, the word is often adopted incorrectly as a sector-wide synonym for teaching and learning (Taber, 2014). However, most experts agree that pedagogy describes what happens between teachers and learners. Pedagogic science deals with the theory and practice of education (Taber, 2014). It involves the study of best teaching practices. Its aims range from the achievement of general and liberal education to the narrower specifics of vocational education (Martin Veel, 2000). Liberal education is mainly concerned with human development. On its part, vocational education involves acquisition of specific skills.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Liberal aspects of pedagogic science involve an analysis of the phenomena and processes associated with the upbringing and development processes of children and young people (Taber, 2014). In most cases, pedagogic science is used to refer to the art and science of teaching, educational, and instructional methods (Martin Veel, 2000). Visuals are of great importance to pedagogic science. The reason is that simple manipulation of these elements helps one to approach teaching and developmental processes from different perspectives. To this end, visuals are used to help learners understand patterns and relationships between variables (Martin Veel, 2000). There are various visuals in pedagogic science. They include graphs and diagrams. Such visuals as images help learners to see how ideas are connected. They help them realise how information can be grouped and organised effectively. Diagrams and plots are also used to display large volumes of data (Martin Veel, 2000). When used in peda gogic science, visuals strengthen the classification of techno-scientific knowledge (Martin Veel, 2000). As such, they shepherd the viewers to more specialised forms of scientific knowledge. In addition, pedagogic science exposes readers to highly stylised and abstract forms of visuals. The aim is to familiarise them with the usual scientific practice of probing deeper and past the surface characteristics of various entities (Martin Veel, 2000). Comparing the use of Visuals in Professional, Popular, and Pedagogic Science Differences There are various similarities and differences in the use of visuals in the three sciences. Most of the differences arise from the variations in the roles played by the three. For instance, popular science is intended for a ‘lay’ audience without a professional need for knowledge. The target audience aspires to keep in touch with scientific developments from a conventional pedestal (Martin Veel, 2000). Consequently, visuals are used in po pular science to interpret academic activities. The focus is on the interests, beliefs, and preoccupations of a new readership. The case is different in professional science. Here, visuals aim at persuading specialists about the reliability of interpretations and the rigor of methods used in research (Kress, 2012). Most popular discourse analysts claim that the differences between the two sciences are more apparent in illustrations than in verbal texts (Broks, 2006). Broks (2006) gives the example of an article highlighting the lifecycle of lizards and snakes. The article was written by two authors. The first version was meant for a popular audience, while the other targeted professionals. In the professional article, the writers used more graphs showing cycles of various hormones and fewer pictures of the snakes and lizards. The aim was to draw the attention of the reader towards the actual research work. On the other side, the popular article included few pictures showing sperms i n the testicles and little snakes growing in their eggs before hatching. According to experienced discourse scientists, such illustrations are meant to help a non-specialist reader visualise what the stages mean. The visuals in this case draw the attention of the reader towards the organisms and away from the intended concept of cycles (Broks, 2006). Use of visuals in pedagogic science is different from that in professional and popular fields. The reason is that visuals are used for learning purposes. Pedagogic science also exposes readers to abstract forms of visuals. The objective is to make the learner familiar with the usual scientific practice of probing deeper into phenomena. Such probing is what helps in achieving learning (Darian, 2003). Similarities Similarities between the three sciences with regards to the use of visuals are many. To start with, the elements have been used in human communication since the start of recorded time (Darian, 2003). In addition, some philologis ts argue that all writing is basically pictorial and representational in nature. With regards to this, it is noted that articles in all the three sciences apply visuals in form of a mixture of verbal texts, graphs, and images. The use is regardless of whether the visuals are photographs (as commonly used in professional science) or naturalistic illustrations, drawings, and paintings [which are common in popular and pedagogic sciences] (Darian, 2003). Another common similarity with regards to visuals in the three fields is that they are used to portray science and science related issues. They encourage the audience to participate by asking scientific questions (Heywood Parker, 2010). Application of images in popular and pedagogic sciences is also similar to some extent (Darian, 2003). The latter often makes use of visual images from the former. The images used are characterised by ‘low content specialisation’. They are also associated with ‘low formality’. The objective is to help learners interpret abstract and conventional images. The visuals are then integrated to give a global interpretation of materials (Clark Mayer, 2011). Similarly, popular science makes use of visuals from professional science. However, the elements are slightly modified to appeal to the target audience. Consequently, it appears that there is a modification of visuals in all the three sciences. The alteration is used to effectively address the needs of the target audience (Darian, 2003). Conclusion It is clear that visuals play an important role in science. Scientific work would have little or no meaning without these applications. As illustrated in this paper, visuals are a common occurrence in pedagogic, popular, and professional sciences. A comparative analysis of the use of these elements in the three fields led to interesting findings. For example, the phenomena are manipulated, modified, and applied to infer different results and to attract the attentio n of the audience. References Broks, P. (2006). Understanding popular science. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press. Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011). E-learning and the science of instruction. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. Darian, S. (2003). Understanding the language of science. Austin: University of Texas Press. Heywood, D., Parker, J. (2010). The pedagogy of physical science. Dordrecht: Springer. Kress, G. (2012). Multimodality: Challenges to thinking about language. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 337-340. Lemke, J. (1998). Multiplying meaning: Visual and verbal semiotics in scientific text. In J. Martin R. Veel (Eds), Reading science: Critical and functional perspectives on discourse of science, (pp. 87-113). New York: Routledge. Martin, J., Veel, R. (2000). Reading science: Critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science. New York: Free Press. Miller, T. (1998). Visual persuasion: A comparison of visuals in academic texts and the popular press. English for Specific Purposes, 17(1), 29-46. Pajak, Z. (2012). Picture this, imagine that. Corvallis, Oregon. Oregon State University. Taber, K. (2014). Understanding and developing science teacher’s pedagogic content knowledge. Teacher Development, 18(3), 441-444. Trumbo, J. (1999). Visual literacy and science communication. Science Communication, 20(4), 409-425. This report on The Role of Visuals in Professional, Popular, and Pedagogic Science was written and submitted by user NicoMinoru to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Akagi Aircraft Carrier in World War II and the Battle of Midway

Akagi Aircraft Carrier in World War II and the Battle of Midway Ordered in 1920, Akagi (Red Castle) initially was designed as an Amagi-class battlecruiser mounting ten 16-inch guns. Laid down at Kure Naval Arsenal on December 6, 1920, work progressed on the hull over the next two years. This came to an abrupt halt in 1922 when Japan signed the Washington Naval Treaty which limited warship construction and placed constraints on tonnage. Under the terms of the treaty, signatories were permitted to convert two battleship or battlecruiser hulls into aircraft carriers so long as the new ships did not exceed 34,000 tons. Assessing the ships then under construction, the Imperial Japanese Navy selected the incomplete hulls of Amagi and Akagi for conversion. Work resumed on Akagi on November 19, 1923. After a further two years of work, the carrier entered the water on April 22, 1925. In converting Akagi, designers finished the carrier with three superimposed flight decks. An unusual arrangement, it was intended to allow the ship to launch as many aircraft as possible in a short period of time. In actual operation, the middle flight deck proved too short for most aircraft. Capable of 32.5 knots, Akagi was powered by four sets of Gihon geared steam turbines. As carriers were still envisioned as support units within the fleet, Akagi was armed with ten 20 cm guns for fending off enemy cruisers and destroyers. Commissioned on March 25, 1927, the carrier conducted shakedown cruises and training before joining the Combined Fleet in August. Early Career Joining the First Carrier Division in April 1928, Akagi served as Rear Admiral Sankichi Takahashis flagship. Conducting training for most of the year, command of the carrier passed to Captain Isoroku Yamamoto in December. Withdrawn from frontline service in 1931, Akagi underwent several minor refits before returning to active duty two years later. Sailing with the Second Carrier Division, it took part in fleet maneuvers and helped pioneer Japanese naval aviation doctrine. This ultimately called for carriers to operate in front of the battle fleet with the goal of using massed air attacks to disable the enemy before ship-to-ship fighting commenced. After two years of operations, Akagi was again withdrawn and placed in reserve status prior to a major overhaul. Reconstruction Modernization As naval aircraft increased in size and weight, Akagis flight decks proved too short for their operation. Taken to Sasebo Naval Arsenal in 1935, work began on a massive modernization of the carrier. This saw the elimination of the lower two flight decks and their conversion into fully-enclosed hangar decks. The topmost flight deck was extended the length of the ship giving Akagi a more traditional carrier look. In addition to engineering upgrades, the carrier also received a new island superstructure. Counter to the standard design, this was placed on the port side of the flight deck in an effort to move it away from the ships exhaust outlets. Designers also enhanced Akagis anti-aircraft batteries which were placed amidships and low on the hull. This led to them having a limited arc of fire and being relatively ineffective against dive bombers. Return to Service Work on Akagi came to an end in August 1938 and the ship soon rejoined the First Carrier Division. Moving into southern Chinese waters, the carrier supported Japanese ground operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After striking targets around Guilin and Liuzhou, Akagi steamed back to Japan. The carrier returned to the Chinese coast the following spring and later underwent a brief overhaul in late 1940. In April 1941, the Combined Fleet concentrated its carriers into the First Air Fleet (Kido Butai). Serving in the First Carrier Division of this new formation with the carrier Kaga, Akagi spent the later part of the year preparing for the attack on Pearl Harbor. Departing northern Japan on November 26, the carrier served as flagship for Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumos Striking Force. Akagi During World War II Sailing in company with five other carriers, Akagi began launching two waves of aircraft early on the morning of December 7, 1941. Descending on Pearl Harbor, the carriers torpedo planes targeted the battleships USS Oklahoma, USS West Virginia, and USS California. The dive bombers of the second wave attacked USS Maryland and USS Pennsylvania. Withdrawing after the attack, Akagi, Kaga, and the carriers of the Fifth Carrier Division (Shokaku and Zuikaku) moved south and supported the Japanese invasion of New Britain and the Bismarck Islands. After this operation, Akagi and Kaga fruitlessly searched for American forces in the Marshall Islands before launching raids on Darwin, Australia on February 19. In March, Akagi helped cover the invasion of Java and the carriers aircraft proved successful in hunting Allied shipping. Ordered to Staring Bay, Celebes for a brief period of rest, the carrier sortied on March 26 with the rest of the First Air Fleet for a raid into the Indian Ocean. Attacking Colombo, Ceylon on April 5, Akagis aircraft assisted in sinking the heavy cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire. Four days later, it mounted a raid against Trincomalee, Ceylon and aided in the destruction of the carrier HMS Hermes. That afternoon, Akagi came under attack from British Bristol Blenheim bombers but did not sustain any damage. With the completion of the raid, Nagumo withdrew his carriers east and steamed for Japan. Battle of Midway On April 19, while passing Formosa (Taiwan), Akagi and the carriers Soryu and Hiryu were detached and ordered east to locate USS Hornet and USS Enterprise which had just launched the Doolittle Raid. Failing to locate the Americans, they broke off the pursuit and returned to Japan on April 22. A month and three days later, Akagi sailed in company with Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu to support the invasion of Midway. Arriving at a point approximately 290 miles from the island on June 4, the Japanese carriers opened the Battle of Midway by launching a 108-plane strike. As the morning progressed, the Japanese carriers evaded several attacked by Midway-based American bombers. Recovering the Midway strike force just before 9:00 AM, Akagi began spotting aircraft for an attack on the recently discovered American carrier forces. As this work progressed, American TBD Devastator torpedo bombers commenced an assault on the Japanese carriers. This was repulsed with heavy losses by the fleets combat air patrol. Though the American torpedo planes had been defeated, their attack pulled the Japanese fighters out of position. This allowed arriving American SBD Dauntless dive bombers to strike with minimal aerial resistance. At 10:26 AM, three SBDs from USS Enterprise dove on Akagi and scored a hit and two near misses. The 1,000 lb. bomb that struck penetrated to the hangar deck and exploded among several fully fueled and armed B5N Kate torpedo planes causing massive fires to erupt. Sinking Ship With his ship badly stricken, Captain Taijiro Aoki ordered the carriers magazines to be flooded. Though the forward magazine flooded on command, the aft did not due to damage sustained in the attack. Plagued by pump problems, damage control parties were not able to bring the fires under control. Akagis plight worsened at 10:40 AM when its rudder jammed during evasive maneuvers. With fires breaking through the flight deck, Nagumo transferred his flag to the cruiser Nagara. At 1:50 PM, Akagi came to a stop as it engines failed. Ordering the crew to evacuate, Aoki stayed aboard with the damage control teams in an effort to save the ship. These efforts continued through the night but to no avail. In the early morning hours of June 5, Aoki was forcibly evacuated and Japanese destroyers fired torpedoes to sink the burning hulk. At 5:20 AM, Akagi slipped bow first beneath the waves. The carrier was one four lost by the Japanese during the battle. Overview Nation:  JapanType:  Aircraft CarrierShipyard:  Kure Naval ArsenalLaid Down:  December 6, 1920Launched:  April 22, 1925Commissioned:  March 25, 1927Fate:  Sunk June 4, 1942 Specifications Displacement:  37,100 tonsLength:  855 ft., 3 in.Beam:  102 ft., 9 in.Draft:  28 ft., 7 in.Propulsion:  4 Kampon geared steam turbines, 19 Kampon water-tube boilers, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed:  31.5 knotsRange:  12,000 nautical miles at 16 knotsComplement:  1,630 men Armament 6 Ãâ€" 1 20 cm guns6 Ãâ€" 2 120 mm (4.7 in) AA guns14 Ãâ€" 2 25 mm (1 in) AA gun Selected Sources World War II Database: AkagiMidway 1942: Akagi

Accidents Have Caused Major Explosion

Accidents Have Caused Major Explosion In the past few years there had been a steady increment in the usage of the risk assessment in the offshore production facilities. This is especially after the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988 and many other major accidents that killed many lives. Operators are showing an increasing awareness by reviewing the safety of their existing topside production facilities. The Piper Alpha accident provided adverse confirmation that the predictions of risk analyses regarding major accidents were certainly prudent. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is very useful in order to reduce the risks especially on the hydrocarbon releases from offshore topsides facilities. (Harmony, 1998) The accidents have caused major explosion and followed by some other minor explosions that release huge amount of hydrocarbons such as gas, liquid and 2-phase liquid. According to the investigation report that had been made after the accident, the main reason that causes the accident is the handover work made by two diff erent shift personnel. Communication problem is one of the reasons of the tragedy. Initially the platform only produced crude oil. However, after a few years natural gas is also being produced. During the installation of the gas conversion equipment, the fire walls were not upgraded to the blast wall that causes a severe explosion throughout the disaster. Moreover, the pumping operation of oil and gas was continued even though the fire started to spread on the platform due to lack of professed authority that just witness the burning of the Piper (Taylor, Wallace, & Ward, 1991). It was started from the two condensate injection pumps which are A and B. The day shift engineer forgot to inform the condition of pump A to the night shift engineer in which the pressure valve was removed for recalibration and recertification. There are about 106 recommendation has made for the future of safety offshore by the Cullen Report. All of the recommendations had been accepted and implemented by the offshore operators later then (Simon, 2012a). Petrobras Enchova Central Platform was listed in the major offshore accidents. This platform also listed as one of the worst and notable blowouts in the history of offshore oil platform. It is located in the Enchova Field, Brazil and operated by Petrobras. Two major incidents recorded in these fields which were on 16 August 1984 and 24 April 1988. The first accidents caused by blowout followed by explosion and fire. Most of the personnel were evacuated safely by chopper and lifeboat. Unfortunately, 42 workers died during the evacuation processed. The main reason that killed many lives during evacuation is because the failure of lowering mechanism of a lifeboat. The lifeboat was suspended and eventually fell 10-20m to the sea which killed 36 personnel. The other six workers were killed when they jumped from the platform to the sea at 30-40m height. (Simon, 2012b) The second accident occurred on 24 April 1988 which is four years later dur ing the workover operations on the platform. One of the well that operated by the platform blew out and finally ignited that resulted in the destruction of the platform. Petrobras decided to drill two relief wells in 30 days’ time and eventually succeed in controlling the blowout (Maduro & Reynolds, 1989). The workover well was performed in order to convert oil well to gas well. Then the blowout occurred during that converting process. The fire resulted from gas ignition last for 31 days. There was no loss of life recorded because the floating living quarters were separated from the platform during the blowout. The operator incurred a total loss because the extensive damage to the topside structure (Simon, 2012b).

Will Nintendo Survive the Vastly Developing Video Game Industry in Research Paper

Will Nintendo Survive the Vastly Developing Video Game Industry in North America - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that in this age, the demands of the individual are changing just as the alterations within the economy. This is mainly due to the introduction of varied types of inventive technologies, techniques, and models. Due to which, the demand and preferences of the customers are also changing at a rapid pace that enhances the rate of switchovers. However, in order to retain the customers within the brands, varied types of value-added games are introduced by the game console organizations at a quite competitive price. Therefore, due to the presence of numerous rival players, the rate of competitiveness is increasing at a rapid speed thereby enhancing its image and position to a significant extent among others. Nintendo is one of the reputed and largest, Japanese multinational organization attaining a profit margin of  ¥7.2 billion and total assets of  ¥1.4 trillion in the financial year of 2013. Within a very small time span, it expanded its wi ngs in the entire globe that amplified its sustainability. Bargaining power of the buyers: the bargaining power of the buyers is extremely high. This is mainly due to the presence of numerous rival payers in the market of North America. As a result of which, the customers always desire to attain most advanced and modernized games at a quite low cost. However, in order to fulfill the inner desire of the customers, the organizations operating in the segment of video games or game console tries to offer value-added games at a competitive cost. So, the customers stick to the segment of video games in-spite of economic recession. Bargaining power of the suppliers: the bargaining power of the suppliers is moderate. This is mainly because; Nintendo sorted or selected its suppliers by itself and so the suppliers desired to retain its value within this strong brand as compared to others. Therefore, in order to maintain the competitiveness, the suppliers always tried to offer varied types of modern and advanced software’s and technologies at a quite low cost to these reputed brands such Nintendo, Sony etc. Competitive rivalry: due to the presence of numerous rival players in the market of North America such as Sony, Microsoft etc, the rate of competition is extremely high. As the customers of the game console or video game market always prefer modern technologies to the maximum extent of the organizations, such as Sony, Microsoft etc try to introduce varied types of products at a quite low cost.